Exact Moment Research Articles

Gaze-based human intention prediction in the hybrid foraging search task

An agent’s ability to predict a human’s intention can facilitate the effectiveness of a human-agent team. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of predicting human intention in the hybrid foraging search task using eye gaze data and machine learning. In the hybrid foraging search paradigm, the human performs searches in patches and decides to stay and exploit a patch or to leave and explore another patch. Researchers have modeled the “patch-leaving problem” on the collective level using the marginal value theorem. However, few have attempted to predict the exact moment when the human will leave. In the current study, 40 participants performed the hybrid foraging search task while eye gaze data were collected with an eye-tracker. The leaving intention was associated with larger pupil size, shorter average fixation duration, larger number of fixations, longer saccade amplitude, and faster saccade velocity compared to the searching intention. A cross-subject machine learning model with an artificial neural network algorithm was able to predict whether a participant would leave the current patch with up to 78% accuracy with a 2-second data analysis window. The length of the data analysis window did not significantly affect prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the earlier the behavior prediction was made, the lower the reliability of the prediction. These results demonstrate that eye gaze features and machine learning algorithms are useful in predicting human intention in visual search tasks.

Abstract 6165: Early detection of pancreatic cancer by hyperpolarized magnetic resonance

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose due to its asymptomatic presentation at early stages. Therefore, there is an unmet need for non-invasive imaging markers that can help identify the aggressive pancreatic lesions at an early time point. One of the most promising imaging biomarkers is the conversion of hyperpolarized (HP) pyruvate to lactate1-3. With HP metabolic imaging, the conversion will be monitored among different premalignant models at different timepoints as well as tested against pancreatitis, a known confounder of pancreatic cancer in the clinic. Methods: HP [1-13C]pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was employed to study the metabolic processes in tamoxifen inducible genetically engineered mouse models (P48CreERT2;LSL-KrasG12D(iKC)) with pre-invasive pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) precursor lesions, invasive pancreatic cancer model (P48CreERT2;LSL-KrasG12D; LSL-p53R172H (iKPC)) and control animals (P48CreERT2 (iC)) at 7T Bruker MRI scanner. These mice were imaged before tamoxifen induction at 10-, 20-, and 30-weeks post induction. For the pancreatitis model, iC and iKC mice they were treated with caerulein for three weeks, 7 weeks after tamoxifen induction. The pancreatitis mice were imaged 24 hours after the last caerulein injection. Results/Discussion: HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratio is increased in the cancer models compared to the control model. In the iKPC mouse model, at the 20-week post induction imaging there was a significant increase of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio compared to the 10-weektime point after induction. The 20-week iKPC time point ratio compared to the iKC and control mouse models was significantly higher, indicating the aggressive nature of the disease. Even in the iKC model there is a slight increase of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio at 20-weeks post induction compared to both previous time points, pre-induction and 10-week. No change in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was not observed with the pancreatitis phenotype. In the future, we plan on imaging at earlier timepoints or at smaller intervals in the iKPC model, to observe the exact moment the metabolism switches to lactate. Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that the metabolic flux to lactate is only increasing in the premalignant models of pancreatic cancer but not in the pancreatitis model, suggesting that the differentiation between early pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis can be achieved by hyperpolarized metabolic imaging. We are currently in the process of translating this in a clinical trial at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Citation Format: Paytience L. Smith, José S. Enriquez, Rian Howell, Olivereen Le Roux, Shivanand Pudakalakatti, Prasanta Dutta, Florencia Mcallister, Pratip Bhattacharya. Early detection of pancreatic cancer by hyperpolarized magnetic resonance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6165.

Novel use of contrast enhanced ultrasonography with urodynamics in children: A comparison study to fluoroscopy.

Video urodynamics (UDS) has classically been performed using fluoroscopy (fluoro). Contrast enhanced voiding ultrasonography (ceVUS) has rarely been reported for use with UDS. This is the first study to compare the imaging characteristics of ceVUS versus fluoro UDS. Children were enrolled for ceVUS UDS who previously underwent fluoro UDS. Demographics, imaging data for ceVUS and fluoro UDS, time between studies, and clinical data between studies were recorded. Changes in clinical status included implantation/cessation of catheterization or anticholinergic medications, leakage between, urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis and neurologic changes. Comparison testing was performed using McNemar's Chi-Squared and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Seventy-five children were recruited. Median time between studies was 1.3 years (IQR 0.9-2.9). There were no differences for bladder shape (p = 0.59), vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.10), bladder neck (p = 0.59) or urethra (p = 1.0) between studies. In 5 cases, the bladder neck could not be visualized adequately due to layering of the microbubble contrast against urine. Benefits to ceVUS included ability to visualize the exact moment the bladder neck opened. Following exclusion of patients with clinical changes that might affect imaging findings, an analysis of 28 patients demonstrated no differences between the two studies. CeVUS can be used adequately in conjunction with UDS. Limitations to ceVUS include more granular imaging for bladder shape versus fluoro and inability to visualize bladder neck if residual urine is in the bladder, mitigated by bladder emptying. Benefits include ability to visualize the dynamic activity of the bladder neck due to constant imaging with ceVUS.

How the US Oath of Allegiance weakens citizenship, encodes discrimination, and muddies the moment of becoming

AbstractSwearing a naturalisation oath, such as the US oath of allegiance, is the culminating step of naturalised citizenship and a moment that exposes tensions between linguistic theory and the law. Drawing on speech act theory, discourse analysis, and ethnography, this article exposes these tensions by deconstructing the language and history of the US naturalisation oath, its role in naturalisation ceremonies, and the ways it is taught in citizenship classes. This article describes the exclusionary history of the US oath and its role as a present‐day enforcer of English hegemony. We then analyse how the authoritative discourse of the naturalisation oath signals its historical significance, while also imbuing it with a level of lexical and syntactic complexity that can hamper comprehension. Throughout, we notice that policies and practitioners carry different understandings of when the exact transitory moment occurs from non‐citizen to citizen, which could be seen as undermining the illocutionary act of promising the oath. We end by offering recommendations for educators to integrate a discussion of the naturalisation oath into their citizenship class curriculum.

New Exact Higher Order Moment Expressions for the PAPR of Complex Gaussian Variables

New Exact Higher Order Moment Expressions for the PAPR of Complex Gaussian Variables

Improved power quality based PVDG system using different optimised MPPT controllers

The characteristic curve of photovoltaic (PV) modules is nonlinear due to environmental influences. The maximum quantity of energy can only be taken from the nonlinear angle of the solar system at one exact moment. The primary function of an MPPT (maximum power point tracking) controller in a PV system is to extract maximum power point (MPP) from solar panels. In this paper, an enhanced MPPT approach using different optimization techniques is suggested for PV systems. The Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA), and Modified Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm (MGWO) are presented for the MPPT controller. Among all methods, the MGWO technique is one of the best at determining the MPP in solar systems because of its quick response and low fluctuations. Accurate training data is one of the biggest challenges in developing an effective MGWO. The irradiance and temperature are taken into consideration as input variables, and the optimal voltages are optimized as an output variable using the MGWO algorithm. Matlab/Simulink simulations are run to verify the suggested model’s suggested tracking effectiveness. To ensure accurate results, simulations are run under various climatic conditions. The simulation result shows that the proposed method operates correctly in a variety of climatic conditions efficiently.

Exact and Approximate Moment Derivation for Probabilistic Loops With Non-Polynomial Assignments

Many stochastic continuous-state dynamical systems can be modeled as probabilistic programs with nonlinear non-polynomial updates in non-nested loops. We present two methods, one approximate and one exact, to automatically compute, without sampling, moment-based invariants for such probabilistic programs as closed-form solutions parameterized by the loop iteration. The exact method applies to probabilistic programs with trigonometric and exponential updates and is embedded in the Polar tool. The approximate method for moment computation applies to any nonlinear random function as it exploits the theory of polynomial chaos expansion to approximate non-polynomial updates as the sum of orthogonal polynomials. This translates the dynamical system to a non-nested loop with polynomial updates, and thus renders it conformable with the Polar tool that computes the moments of any order of the state variables. We evaluate our methods on an extensive number of examples ranging from modeling monetary policy to several physical motion systems in uncertain environments. The experimental results demonstrate the advantages of our approach with respect to the current state-of-the-art.

Bitkoin i "četvrti talas" globalizacije

The tendency to transform individual social communities into a universal, unified society which knows no boundaries (or at least does not insist on them), with the necessary dose of simplification, is the conceptual definition of globalization. Since it is a tendency, globalization naturally has its own temporal dimension. The process of determining the time coordinates of this phenomenon is extremely complex and the results may vary depending on the scientific approach and point of view. However, we believe that it is possible to reach a consensus that the process of globalization is not continuous, but has several phases. We tend to think that there are three main phases of globalization. Of course, we fully respect other competing systems of periodization and argumentation on which they are based. Nevertheless, we do not doubt that proponents of different periodization would agree that a new phase of globalization began recently, although it is difficult to determine the exact moment when it was initiated. Namely, on October 31, 2009, a mysterious developer, or more likely group of developers, behind the fictious name of Satoshi Nakamoto, published the so-called White Paper titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. More than ten years later, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These two, at first glance unrelated events cumulatively initiated chain of new transformations, all leading toward a more unified society. Probably the most important change, one that is the focus of this paper, is the transformation of centralized localized monetary systems into completely decentralized, digitalized, totally independent, almost entirely self-sustaining, and self-regulating global financial structure. This paper presents a part of the results collected through the theoretical-empirical research conducted previously on both legal and socio-economic moments that initiated a new phase of globalization. These results refer mostly to events that initiated a new phase of globalization, their connections, and problems of periodization. The remaining results, results on the scope and expected overall effects of this phase, will be presented in the next article in this series. All the results of the research and conclusions were collected based on different analytical-synthetical methods, mostly abstraction and generalization. In this paper specifically, different techniques of the normative method were used. Also, special techniques of legal norm interpretation were used in the process.

Agglomeration in Tourism Governance and Community Based Tourism in Nepal: An Ethnographic Reflection from Panauti Historical Area

Etymologically, tourism is an industry and part of recreation and the way for sustainable resource management at the local level through community participation. Community-based tourism in Nepal is famously known as homestay tourism. It is an agglomeration of much authentic cultural and ecological richness within diversity to the tourist’s experience at the exact moment to the local’s participation and empowerment. Homestay is a very potential rural and historical site-based tourism enterprise. Tourism governance is not isolated discourse; it has many tangible and intangible transactions. It has been a positive backbone for the growth of environmental tourism around the globe by utilizing and empowering the local community. The primary data was collected for my research work for my MPhil thesis. The article aims to assess the socioeconomic, cultural, and participation contribution of community-based tourism in Nepal, based on the ethnographic narration analysis design. Moreover, community-based tourism is not an isolated subject so tourism is highly accountable to income elasticity and local empowerment with local resource marketing and distribution. Findings show that homestays should have an eco-friendly infrastructure for sustainable resource mobilization and homestay as community-based tourism is community lead activities for the sake of empowerment of the local, especially women.

Exact higher-order moments for linear non-homogeneous stochastic differential equation

This paper investigates the moments of a stochastic process that satisfies the one-dimensional linear stochastic differential equation (SDE) with nonlinear time-dependent drift and diffusion coefficients. The goal is to derive formulas for the nth exact moment, that instead of seeking the transition density function by solving the Fokker-Plank equations or moment-generating functions, which can be difficult to solve in closed form. We will appropriately apply Itô’s formula and the properties of the Wiener process with a constant drift and diffusion term, which is a Gaussian process to obtain the exact higher-order moments.

Algorithmic conspirituality: Explicating its emergence, dimensions, and persuasibility

Algorithmic conspirituality is the belief that social media algorithms have the capacity to know users intimately and convey personally meaningful messages at the exact right moment to revelatory effect. Through a thematic analysis of TikTok videos, this study explicates this concept by identifying five distinct dimensions of its expression on TikTok—(1) relational, (2) injunctive, (3) personal, (4) spiritual, (5) conspiratorial—and explaining their relationship with the platform’s affordances—(1) connectedness, (2) personalization, and (3) social creativity. We then connect the emergence and impact of this phenomenon to the possibility for persuasion and behavior changes through normalization of messaging in areas such as mental health, smoking, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and body dysmorphia that could lead to positive and negative health outcomes.

Batteryless implantable device with built-in mechanical clock for automated and precisely timed drug administration.

Adherence to medication plays a crucial role in the effective management of chronic diseases. However, patients often miss their scheduled drug administrations, resulting in suboptimal disease control. Therefore, we propose an implantable device enabled with automated and precisely timed drug administration. Our device incorporates a built-in mechanical clock movement to utilize a clockwork mechanism, i.e., a periodic turn of the hour axis, enabling automatic drug infusion at precise 12-h intervals. The actuation principle relies on the sophisticated design of the device, where the rotational movement of the hour axis is converted into potential mechanical energy and is abruptly released at the exact moment for drug administration. The clock movement can be charged either automatically by mechanical agitations or manually by winding the crown, while the device remains implanted, thereby enabling the device to be used permanently without the need for batteries. When tested using metoprolol, an antihypertensive drug, in a spontaneously hypertensive animal model, the implanted device can deliver drug automatically at precise 12-h intervals without the need for further attention, leading to similarly effective blood pressure control and ultimately, prevention of ventricular hypertrophy as compared with scheduled drug administrations. These findings suggest that our device is a promising alternative to conventional methods for complex drug administration.

Automated Saliency Prediction in Cinema Studies

Abstract In visual cognition research, saliency refers to the prominence of specific elements in a scene. Moreover, saliency guidance is part of a filmmaker's toolset to build narratives and guide the audience into emotive responses. This article compares two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) saliency mapping models with viewers’ eye-position mapping to investigate the potentiality of automated saliency mapping in moving image studies by analyzing saliency's role during cinema's transition from one-shot to multiple-shot. Although the exact moment when montage and editing methods appeared cannot be identified with precision, findings suggest one of the reasons for this transition was saliency guidance, hence its preponderance.

Practical Application of UAV Source in Complex Area Exploration

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) source is a new source for shallow seismic exploration. UAV source is based upon the principle of an accelerated weight drop from a high altitude. A 5-kilogram object is carried 500 meters above the surface, controlled by special remote control equipment to free fall at the exact moment we need it, and by hitting the ground at high speed, it generates a powerful amount of seismic waves. Different from traditional seismic sources, such as explosive sources and vibroseis, UAVs are not limited by terrain and it can generate seismic waves in complex environments such as mountains and rivers, with strong flexibility. Meanwhile, it’s impact object is recyclable, so the cost per excitation is minimal. In this paper, Firstly, we analyze the frequency information of the reflected signal in the seismic record obtained by the UAV source in the actual mountainous area, and then discuss the influence of different excitation positions on the record. Finally, we obtain the reflected seismic profile of the region through seismic data processing. It has been proven that UAV source can achieve low-cost and high-quality acquisition in complex environments

The Peak of Alexandru Marghiloman’s Political Career, for Half of a Year (March-November 1918), Prime Minister of Romania

Alexandru Marghiloman was one of the most brilliant politicians in our contemporary history. His exceptional qualities as well as a superlative training made him the most suitable man to fulfill a role of great importance in our history – the completion of national unity. Brought to the helm of the Council of Ministers, he had to face almost insurmountable hostilities from the representatives of the Central Powers, with whom he was for the entire period of almost half a year, while he was at the head of the government. Overcoming these difficulties, but also the disloyal attitude of the King who, after using him, at the suggestion of the Camarilla, asked and received his resignation at the exact moment when he was approaching the completion of national unity. The Marghiloman government (March – October 1918) was, therefore, a sacrificial government, which, thanks to the competence, tenacity, patience and insistence of the Prime Minister, managed through perseverance and wisdom to achieve what it set out to do when it was installed – saving the Dynasty, stability and the Army of the country.

Timing is everything: Territorial stigmatization, immobility policy, and the COVID-boom in Hong Kong’s Sham Shui Po

ABSTRACT This article examines a peculiar case of neighborhood change in Sham Shui Po, one of Hong Kong’s densest and poorest neighborhoods. Based on two mixed-methods research projects conducted in 2021 and early 2022, we use social media analysis and data gathered through a four-component “aesthetic survey” methodology to demonstrate the drastic transformation of a particular section of this neighborhood in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. A key question of this research is why such a transformation should be taking place in this exact moment, as previous attempts have been made to stimulate precisely the sorts of changes now observed over the course of the last decade or so, all to no avail. We argue that this unexpected “boom” is the result of a conjunction of pandemic mitigation policy implemented by the Hong Kong government (which we label “immobility policy”) and the widespread and enduring reputation of Sham Shui Po in the city’s cultural geography (which we explore through the concept of “territorial stigma”). This case therefore stands to contribute substantially to ongoing debates on the nature and pace of urban change, especially at crucial historico-geographical junctures.

The effect of photobiomodulation auriculotherapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A double-blind randomized feasibility study

IntroductionTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are considered the most common complaint associaetd with orofacial pain. A treatment approach for TMD is photobiomodulation auriculotherapy, however, a method that which still requires studies mainly with pulsed frequency. ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial using pulsed frequency photobiomodulation auriculotherapy and determine the relevant sample size. MethodsThe study was a controlled randomized pilot study. Twenty one volunteers with TMD were randomized into experimental and placebo groups. The evaluation periods were pre-intervention and again after four weeks. The instruments used for the assessment were axis I (mandibular movement measurements [MMM]) and axis II (Graded Chronic Pain Scale [GCPS], Jaw Functional Limitation Scale [JFLS-8], The Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-4], and Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD-7]) from Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of groups. The intervention protocol was performed once a week for foour weeks. ResultsThe GCPS question about “pain at this exact moment” indicated lower values for the treated group compared to the placebo group (U = 15.50; p = 0.005) after the intervention. The calculation of the total sample was 22 volunteers. The JFLS-8 variable showed no difference between the groups and the sample calculation ranged from 39 to 281 volunteers. The MMM showed no difference between the groups, and the calculation of the necessary sample ranged from 27 to 2.317. The variable PHQ-4 (U = 21.00; p = 0.02) and GAD-7 (U = 20.00; p = 0.02) showed differences between groups with type I error. The required sample was 22 volunteers for PHQ-4 and 25 for GAD-7. ConclusionWe conclude that this study is feasible and that the required sample should be 11 volunteers for each group in the GCPS subitem “pain intensity at this exact moment”. We were able to find results for this GCPS subitem. However, for other variables we need 25 volunteers for GAD7 and 22 volunteers for PHQ-4. Other variables, such as JFLS-8 and MMM, made it impossible to conduct these scales for future studies.

Post hoc labeling an acute ECG as ischemic or non-ischemic based on clinical data: A necessary challenge

The ECG is crucial in the prehospital (and early inhospital) phase of patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Therefore, new algorithms for ECG-based myocardial ischemia detection are continuously being researched. Development and validation of these algorithms require a database of acute ECGs (from the prehospital or emergency department setting) including a representative mix of cases (ischemia present) and controls (no ischemia present). Therefore, for every patient in this mix, the “truth” regarding the actual presence or absence of myocardial ischemia during the recording of the acute ECG has to be determined to compare the newly developed algorithm against. This post hoc adjudication process of determining whether an acute (either prehospitally acquired or acquired in the emergency department) ECG was made under ischemic conditions should use all available clinical data (the clinical diagnosis, cardiac imaging data, and laboratory values) of the subsequent patient's admission.Even with all data at hand, post hoc labeling a patient and their acute ECG as a myocardial ischemia case or control cannot be forced into a binary division between definite cases and definite controls. More specifically, to be used for the development of a new algorithm, the patients' ECG has to be scored for the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia at the exact moment of its recording, which renders the classification even more difficult. For instance, even though it may be plausible that myocardial ischemia was present at a given moment during the patient's admission, this is not necessarily proof that the prehospital (or early inhospital) ECG was also made in ischemic conditions: ischemia can be a fluctuating process (as is, e.g., the case in unstable angina pectoris). Therefore, post hoc classification of an acute ECG in terms of the absence or presence of ischemia requires a multipoint scale ranging between definite ischemic to definite non-ischemic, for instance using a 5-point scale (presumed non-ischemic, probably non-ischemic, uncertain, probably ischemic, presumed ischemic).To summarize, the post hoc adjudication process of ECGs of ambulance (and emergency department) patients cannot result in a binary division into definite cases and controls (i.e., patients with or without myocardial ischemia during the recording of the acute ECG), as myocardial ischemia is often dynamic rather than constant. ECGs could be labeled on a multi-point scale, in which the label represents the probability of the actual presence (or absence) of myocardial ischemia at the exact moment of the recording of that ECG. Further development of algorithms for myocardial ischemia detection should consider this concept.

English

Introduction: Soccer referees need excellent conditioning to withstand the physical and psychological demands of games. Objective: To compare the hemodynamic variables, speed, cadence, and distance coursed of referees during soccer games of series A and B in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Material and method: The total number of decisions made during the 10 soccer matches evaluated was 1,224 observable decisions of 10 professional Soccer referees (one per soccer match: 5 in series A and 5 in series B). We used a frequency meter (Polar, model V800, PolarFlow software) and video footage of the games (Sony, model PXW-Z150, 4K). The moments considered were: the decision, 15 seconds that preceded it, and the period from the beginning of each stage to each decision. Were studied the hemodynamic [average heat rate (mean HR), maximum heart rate (HRmax), and minimum heart rate (HRmin)] and motion variables [average speed (Vmed), maximum speed (Vmax), average cadence (cadencemed), maximum cadence (cadencemax), minimum cadence (cadencemin), and distance covered]. Descriptive measures were used to present the results of the variables studied and the Student’s T-Test for independent samples to test the study hypotheses. The significance level was set at 95% (P <0.05). Results: The matches of series A had a greater number of interventions and greater hemodynamic load at the exact moment of the decision than those of series B. significantly (P <0.05): mean HR, HRmax, HRmin, Vmax, Cadencemed, and Cadencemax in series A were higher compared to series B. In the 15 seconds before the decisions: mean HR, HRmax, and HRmin in series A were higher than in series B, and Vmed in series B was higher in relation to series A. At the exact moment of the decisions: mean HR in series A was higher in relation to series B. Conclusion: Referees’ interventions are generally carried out under high hemodynamic pressure. The matches played in the A series require a higher number of interventions and hemodynamic intensity than the matches in the series B under high hemodynamic pressure, other psychological factors may play a role; however, this needs to be studied in greater depth.

MoBiSea: A Binary Search Algorithm for Product Clustering in Industry 4.0

Proprietary systems used to modernize Industry 4.0 usually involve high financial costs. Consequently, using low-cost devices with the same functionalities, capable of replacing these proprietary systems but at a lower cost, has become an incipient trend. However, these low-cost devices usually come with electromagnetic interference problems as they are encapsulated in electrical panels, sitting alongside electromechanical devices. In this article, we present Mode Binary Search, an algorithm specifically designed for use in a low-cost automated-industrial-productivity-data-collection system. Specifically, productivity data are obtained from the availability and sealing signals of the thermoplastic sealing machines in production lines belonging to the agri-food industry. Mode Binary Search was designed to cluster sealing signals, thus enabling us to identify which products have been made. Furthermore, the algorithm determines when the manufacturing of each product starts and ends, in other words, the exact moment a product change occurs and all this without the need for operator supervision or intervention. Finally, we compared our algorithm, based on binary search, with three clustering mechanisms: k-means, k-rms and x-means. Out of all the cases we analyzed, the maximum error committed by Mode Binary Search is limited to 2.69%, thereby outperforming all others.